Under FOIA, information may be exempt from disclosure for which of the following reasons?

• A. Personal privacy
• B. National security
• C. Law enforcement
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

FOIA allows agencies to withhold information when disclosure would harm protected interests. The reasons listed map to established exemptions: protecting personal privacy to keep individuals’ data confidential; protecting national security to shield sensitive information that could threaten the country; and protecting law enforcement interests to avoid hindering investigations or revealing investigative techniques. Because each of these is a valid exemption category under FOIA, information may be withheld for any of these reasons, so all of the above is the best answer.